911:Life cosmos

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“Life is in and of all things from the beginning, always and forever. Life is eternal. Life is in inorganic as well as all organic matter. Life is in and of all of the elements and the atoms of the elements and the compounds of the elements. Life is merely the registration, in matter, of states of motion of thinking Mind.” - from "The Universal One", Walter Russell

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Intro

[edit] Dynamics

[edit] Electrochemistry

  • Electro-chemical languages
    • Thought (imagination energy condensations)
    • Orgone (life force field flux: sunlight reproduction condensation, bionic energy)
    • Organic (biological/bionic condensations: cells, nervous system signals, bone signal-conduction, hormones, patterns/colors, etc.)
    • Material (bionic product condensations)

[edit] Biopoesis

[edit] Pleiotropy

  • "... I mean that in the biological world almost every macromolecular constituent is likely to function in more than just one way, i.e., is pleiotropic. One and the same protein may be enzymatic, regulatory, and structural; one nucleic acid, informational, structural, and regulatory; and so on." ... "Most biologists know this, but how many think it’s a big deal? I do, based on little more than the belief that living things are parsimonious and make efficient use of their parts. Doesn’t it seem reasonable that our own 30,000 or so genes (a puny number, one would think) each encode many functions?" [14]

[edit] Pleomorphy

[edit] Evolution

[edit] Epigenetics

  • Todo: to define (Mind/consciousness and environmental-adaptation integrating views)
  • "The cell membrane is a structural and functional homologue (equivalent) of a computer chip, while the nucleus represents a read-write hard disk loaded with genetic programs. Organismal evolution, resulting from increasing the number of membrane perception units, would be modeled using fractal geometry. Reiterated fractal patterns enable a cross-referencing of structure and function among three levels of biological organization: the cell, the multicellular organism and societal evolution. Through fractal mathematics we are provided with valuable insight into the past and future of evolution. The environment, through the act of perception, controls behavior, gene activity and even the rewriting of the genetic code. Cells “learn” (evolve) by creating new perception proteins in response to novel environmental experiences. “Learned” perceptions, especially those derived from indirect experiences (e.g., parental, peer and academic education), may be based upon incorrect information or faulty interpretations. Since they may or may not be “true,” perceptions are in reality-beliefs!" [18]

[edit] Astrobiology

  • "NASA scientists have discovered glycine, a fundamental building block of life, in samples of comet Wild 2 returned by NASA’s Stardust spacecraft. “Glycine is an amino acid used by living organisms to make proteins, and this is the first time an amino acid has been found in a comet,”" (...) "A glycine molecule from space will tend to have more of the heavier Carbon 13 atoms in it than glycine that’s from Earth. That is what the team found. “We discovered that the Stardust-returned glycine has an extraterrestrial carbon isotope signature, indicating that it originated on the comet,”" [20]
  • "Life is an interstellar communication network. Life is disseminated through the galaxies in the form of nucleotide templates. These “seeds” land on planets, are activated by solar radiation. and evolve nervous systems. The bodies which house and transport nervous systems and the reproductive seeds are constructed in response to the atmospheric and gravitational characteristics of the host planet, the crumbling rock upon which we momentarily rest." - Timothy Leary: Starseed

[edit] Elemental notes

  • Distribution of matter in the cosmos:
    • 1) "Hydrogen-1 is the most abundant of the chemical elements, constituting roughly 75% of the universe's elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. Elemental hydrogen is relatively rare on Earth" [21]
    • 2) Helium-4
    • 3) "The Genesis mission provides at least one more mystery. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the cosmos, of which the isotope oxygen-16 makes up 99.67%, oxygen-17 0.04%, and oxygen-18 0.02%." [22]

[edit] Hydrogen

(todo)

  • Quotes from "The Universal One", Walter Russell (see also: Energy: Matter):
    • "The ten octaves constitute a cycle of evolving states of motion. This cycle includes the uttermost limitations of the divine possibilities and beyond it nothing is or can be. The cycle begins with the highest note and descends the scale sequentially through man's unseen universe, until hydrogen, the first element perceivable to man, is reached. There is no unseen universe."
    • "Hydrogen united with its true mate Helium, becomes a natural salt." p.29

[edit] Carbon

  • "The pyramid is a universal shape and one of the building blocks of nature; the 51 degree, 51 minute, 14.3 second base angle pyramid (octahedron) is the shape of the carbon atom in the red blood cell, the iron atom in the body. The solid pyramid shaped carbon atom is one of the universal combinations of all molecular and cellular structures. The human body has a lot in common with the pyramid structure and Phi. The "pyramid principle" (??) states that all matter can be changed into flesh by energy crystallization into amino acids and proteins utilizing the carbon atom (pyramid) as the key building block. In reality we humans are composed of three gases: oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and one solid; carbon." [23]
  • See also:


Carbon cycle

(see previous)

To research: geological 'petroleum sweating'

[edit] Oxygen

(todo) (to research: oxygen and magnetism: oxygen is dominantly magnetic/expansive, while hydrogen is dominantly electric/contractive)

[edit] Nitrogen

  • "Nitrogen occurs in all living organisms. It is a constituent element of amino acids and thus of proteins, and of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). It resides in the chemical structure of almost all neurotransmitters, and is a defining component of alkaloids, biological molecules produced by many organisms."

Nitrogen cycle [1]

(see previous)

(see previous)

[edit] Elemental chords

  • "Crucial to the carbon-based life on the Earth are several types of biologically-essential molecules. The basic types of molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The chemistry of these carbon-based molecules is included in the field of organic chemistry with the specific life-related processes forming the field of biochemistry." [25]

[edit] Gases

(todo)

[edit] Water

  • Various observations:
    • "Water is essential for all life on Earth. Water also usually makes up 55% to 78% of the human body." [26]
    • "Water is the main absorber of the sunlight in the atmosphere. The 13 million million tons of water in the atmosphere (~0.33% by weight) is responsible for about 70% of all atmospheric absorption of radiation, mainly in the infrared region where water shows strong absorption. It contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect ensuring a warm habitable planet, but operates a negative feedback effect, due to cloud formation reflecting the sunlight away, to attenuate global warming. The water content of the atmosphere varies about 100-fold between the hot and humid tropics and the cold and dry polar ice deserts." [27]
    • "... on the basis of pure mass, only about 0.5% of planet Earth is made of water. The oceans occupy only a thin layer of water that sloshes around the upper crust of the planet. The vast majority of the Earth is made of other elements (99.5%), with about one-third of it being iron." [28]
    • Over 70% of the earth is covered in ocean water.

Light absorption comparison of the same amount of water gas, water liquid and water solid. [2]

"This figure shows the solar radiation spectrum for direct light at both the top of the Earth's atmosphere and at sea level. The sun produces light with a distribution similar to what would be expected from a 5525 K (5250 °C) blackbody, which is approximately the sun's surface temperature. As light passes through the atmosphere, some is absorbed by gases with specific absorption bands." [3]

[edit] Salts

  • See: Nutrition: Ion minerals
    • Note: that the use of the term "mineral" here is distinct from the usage in the geological sciences. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent of the definition is to describe ions, not chemical compounds or actual minerals.

[edit] Elemental chord sets

[edit] Amino acids

"Twenty-two amino acids are encoded by the standard genetic code and are called Proteinogenic amino acids or standard amino acids." [4] [5]

RNA triplet genetic codes for various amino acid configurations [6], [7]

[edit] Standard amino acids

Amino Acid   ↓ 3-Letter   ↓ 1-Letter   ↓ Side chain polarity   ↓ Side chain charge (pH 7)   ↓ Hydropathy index   ↓ Absorbance λmax(nm)   ↓
Alanine Ala A nonpolar neutral 1.8
Arginine Arg R polar positive -4.5
Asparagine Asn N polar neutral -3.5
Aspartic acid Asp D polar negative -3.5
Cysteine Cys C nonpolar neutral 2.5 250 0.3
Glutamic acid Glu E polar negative -3.5
Glutamine Gln Q polar neutral -3.5
Glycine Gly G nonpolar neutral -0.4
Histidine His H polar neutral -3.2 211 5.9
Isoleucine Ile I nonpolar neutral 4.5
Leucine Leu L nonpolar neutral 3.8
Lysine Lys K polar positive -3.9
Methionine Met M nonpolar neutral 1.9
Phenylalanine Phe F nonpolar neutral 2.8 257, 206, 188 0.2, 9.3, 60.0
Proline Pro P nonpolar neutral -1.6
Serine Ser S polar neutral -0.8
Threonine Thr T polar neutral -0.7
Tryptophan Trp W nonpolar neutral -0.9 280 219 5.6, 47.0
Tyrosine Tyr Y polar neutral -1.3 274, 222, 193 1.4, 8.0, 48.0
Valine Val V nonpolar neutral 4.2
  • To research:
    • Potential alternative configurations.
    • Amino acid occurrence scope: see Astrobiology
    • Chirality: "Your Left and Right hands are chirally asymmetric...so is carbon. DNA, carbohydrates, crystals, amino acids... essentially the building blocks of life are chirally asymmetric."

[edit] Alanine

[edit] Arginine

[edit] Asparagine

[edit] Aspartic acid

[edit] Cysteine

[edit] Glutamic acid

[edit] Glutamine

[edit] Glycine

  • "NASA scientists have discovered glycine, a fundamental building block of life, in samples of comet Wild 2 returned by NASA’s Stardust spacecraft. “Glycine is an amino acid used by living organisms to make proteins, and this is the first time an amino acid has been found in a comet,”" (...) "A glycine molecule from space will tend to have more of the heavier Carbon 13 atoms in it than glycine that’s from Earth. That is what the team found. “We discovered that the Stardust-returned glycine has an extraterrestrial carbon isotope signature, indicating that it originated on the comet,”" [30]

[edit] Histidine

[edit] Isoleucine

[edit] Leucine

[edit] Lysine

[edit] Methionine

[edit] Phenylalanine

[edit] Proline

[edit] Serine

[edit] Threonine

[edit] Tryptophan

[edit] Tyrosine

[edit] Valine

[edit] Selenocysteine

[edit] Pyrrolysine

[edit] Advanced chord sets

[edit] Proteins

  • "Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds ..." ... "Proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle."
  • primary structure: "The properties of a protein are determined by its amino acid sequence, otherwise known as its primary structure. Depending on the nature and arrangement of the amino acids present, different parts of the molecule form secondary structure such as the alpha helices (‘coils') or beta sheets (flat) shown below. Further folding and reorganisation within the molecule results in higher order, or tertiary structure. Each protein consists of alpha helices, beta sheets and random parts." [31]
  • See also:
    • Protein biosynthesis
    • Peptides (Peptides are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order, of α-amino acids. Proteins are polypeptide molecules. The common distinction is that peptides are short and polypeptides/proteins are long.)
    • Category: Proteins
    • Proteopedia.org (wiki site for protein info)
    • Nutrition: Proteins (vitamins, antioxidants, biotics)
    • Proteomics ("The large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.)

[edit] Regulatory proteins

  • "Genetic regulatory proteins bind to segments of DNA and bring about gene regulation. Non-genetic classes of regulatory proteins include those target, effector proteins that are involved in special cellular functions such as signaling as receptor proteins and pumps, adhesion, chemotaxis, cellular transport and active transport, and metabolic regulation, including enzymatic action and protein degradation." [32]

[edit] Enzymes

(todo)

  • Reverse transcriptase enzyme: "Reverse transcriptase is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also helps in the formation of a double helix DNA once the RNA has been reverse transcribed into a single strand cDNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; hence, reverse transcription is the reverse of this."

[edit] Structural proteins

  • "Structural proteins are those proteins with the primary purpose of producing the essential structural components of the cell." [33]

[edit] Collagen

  • "Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content." [34]

[edit] Genes

[edit] Genetics

  • Genetic evolution
    • DNA->RNA->proteins (Slow/broad evolution?)
    • environmental stimuli->RNA->DNA (Radical/narrow adaptation?)
  • Types of known DNA: A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA (see also: Structural properties of DNA)
    • 'Junk DNA':
    • "About 80-90% of the human genome has been designated as 'junk'" (wikipedia)
      • "Junk DNA might have the same properties as language." Graham Hancock
      • Less than 2% of the Human DNA are protein-coding genes, RNA genes and regulatory regions.
  • To reseach:
    • Human 23-pair chromosomes versus the 24-pair chromosome man-apes.
    • Mitochondrial DNA similarity in humans. Mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited.

[edit] Nucleotides

  • "Nucleotides are molecules that, when joined together, make up the structural units of RNA and DNA. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule bound to one of the four DNA bases: Thymine, Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy (adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate), participate in cellular signaling (cyclic guanosine monophosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions."
  • Todo:
    • Ribosome: "molecular 'machines' that make proteins out of amino acids. One of the central tenets of biology is that DNA makes RNA, which then makes protein."

[edit] ATP

(todo)

[edit] GTP

(todo)

[edit] Nucleic acids

  • "These molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and viruses."

[edit] DNA

  • DNA packaging:
    • Histone ("strongly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei, which package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.")
    • Chromatin ("a combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. It is divided between heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms.")
  • "The genome of a DNA virus is a single molecule of DNA, either linear or circular. Outside the host cell, this DNA is usually surrounded by a protein coat. There are 5 known families of DNA viruses affecting humans. The size and structure of the DNA viruses varies widely, from small ones with only 5,000 base pairs to the large brick-shaped or ovoid pox viruses, which have a lipid coating and whose DNA has between 120,000 and 360,000 base pairs.One can broadly classify the DNA viruses into two kinds: double-stranded DNA viruses and single-stranded DNA viruses" [35]
  • "If one stretches out the DNA contained in the nucleus of a human cell, one obtains a ~1.83 meter long thread that is only ten atoms wide. This thread is a billion times longer than its own width. Relatively speaking, it is as if your little finger stretched from Paris to Los Angeles. A thread of DNA is much smaller than the visible lights humans perceive" (...) "DNA is approximately 120 times narrower than the smallest wavelength of visible light" (...) "... DNA packs itself into this minute volume by coiling up endlessly on itself, thereby reconciling extreme length and infinite smallness, like mythical serpents. The average human being is made up of 100 thousand billion cells [Note: scientific estimates range wildly from 10^12 to 10^16 cells]. This means that there is approximately 200 billion kilometers of DNA in a human body" (...) "Your personal DNA is long enough to wrap around the earth 5 million times or travel the 150 million kilometers distance between the Earth and the Sun about 1333 times. The distance would take light about 10.931 light-seconds (182 hours or 7,6 days). All the cells in the world contain DNA - be they animal, vegetal, or bacterial - and they are all filled with salt water, in which the concentration of salt is similar to that of the worldwide ocean. (...) "As DNA's four bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) are insoluble in water, they tuck themselves into the center of the molecule where they associate in pairs to form rungs of the ladder; then they twist up into a spiral stack to avoid contact with the surrounding water molecules. DNA's twisted ladder is a direct consequence of the cells watery environment." - from the book "The Cosmic Serpent", Jeremy Narby, 1998 (edited)

[edit] RNA

(todo)

  • Template for Protein synthesis.
  • "In 1974, Manfred Eigen and his colleagues also experimented with a chemical broth containing Qb replication enzyme and salts, and an energized form of the four bases that make up the building blocks of RNA. They tried varying the quantity of viral RNA initially added to the mixture. As the amount of input RNA was progressively reduced, the experimenters found that, with little competition, it enjoyed untrammeled exponential growth. Even a single RNA molecule added to the broth was enough to trigger a population explosion. But then something truly amazing was discovered. Replicating strands of RNA were still produced even when not a single molecule of viral RNA was added! To return to my architectural analogy, it was rather like throwing a pile of bricks into a giant mixer and producing, if not a house, then at least a garage. At first Eigen found the results hard to believe, and checked to see whether accidental contamination had occurred. Soon the experimenters convinced themselves that they were witnessing for the first time the spontaneous synthesis of RNA strands form their basic building blocks. Analysis revealed that under some experimental conditions the created RNA resembled Spiegelman's monster." [36]

[edit] mRNA

  • "Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA encoding a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product. mRNA is transcribed from a DNA template, and carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes. Here, the nucleic acid polymer is translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein." [37]

[edit] Chromosomes

  • "A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions." [38]

[edit] Biomolecules

[edit] Sugars

[edit] Carbohydrates

  • "Carbohydrates are the most abundant of the four major classes of biomolecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (eg: starch, glycogen) and structural components (eg: cellulose in plants, chitin and cartilage in animals). Additionally, carbohydrates and their derivatives play major roles in the working process of the immune system, fertilization, pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development."

[edit] Fatty acids

[edit] Lipids

  • "Lipids are broadly defined as any fat-soluble (lipophilic), naturally-occurring molecule, such as fats, oils, waxes, cholesterol, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, as structural components of cell membranes, and as important signaling molecules." [39]

[edit] Hormones

(todo)

[edit] Alkaloids

(todo)

[edit] Glycosides

(todo)

[edit] Terpenes

(todo)

[edit] Melanin

  • "Though melanin is typically associated with 'protective' properties – absorbing and safely transforming different electromagnetic wavelengths, such as DNA-damaging ultraviolet light – the researchers had an inkling that a more extraordinary phenomenon was allowing the fungi to prosper; something still involving the combination of melanin and radiation, but beyond the bounds of radioactive protection. After all, even without melanin, many fungi are intrinsically radiation-resistant. Their hunch was bolstered by findings of melanised fungi, happily congregating in the cooling pools of functional nuclear reactors, and by studies of dark, 'radiation-seeking' fungi, purposefully growing towards radioactive particles in soil, particularly around Chernobyl. The team looked to the example of photosynthesis as a model, said Casadevall. If plants can use the green pigment, chlorophyll, to absorb energy from the Sun and produce a usable form of chemical energy, they reasoned, fungi might be able to use their melanin pigment and radiation energy in a similar way. They even devised the snazzy moniker, 'radiosynthesis', for the process. To test their idea, the group analysed three different types of fungi, including Cladosporium sphaerospermum, the species abundant in and around Chernobyl. Using ionising radiation from the radioactive isotope, caesium-137, they exposed the fungi to radiation doses similar to those inside the damaged reactor, and about 500 times greater than the Earth's normal background level. Melanin-containing fungi exposed to the radiation – even when nutrient-starved on purpose – grew significantly larger and up to 2.5 times faster than fungi without melanin and those not exposed to radiation. According to Yeshiva's Ekaterina Dadachova, the nuclear chemist who led the study, "the presence of melanin in the cells gives them a distinct advantage over non-melanised cells, in terms of better growth [with radiation]."" [40]

[edit] Elemental songs

[edit] Microbes

[edit] Microbial scope

  • Extremophiles (Category: Extremophiles)
    • "Three new species of bacteria, which are not found on Earth and which are highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, have been discovered in the upper stratosphere by Indian scientists. One of the new species has been named as Janibacter hoylei" ... " In all, 12 bacterial and six fungal colonies were detected, nine of which, based on 16S RNA gene sequence, showed greater than 98% similarity with reported known species on earth. Three bacterial colonies, namely, PVAS-1, B3 W22 and B8 W22 were, however, totally new species. All the three newly identified species had significantly higher UV resistance compared to their nearest phylogenetic neighbours. Of the above, PVAS-1, identified as a member of the genus Janibacter, has been named Janibacter hoylei. sp. nov. The second new species B3 W22 was named as Bacillus isronensis sp.nov. and the third new species B8 W22 as Bacillus aryabhata." [41]
    • "Beneath a glacier in Antarctica, scientists have discovered a community of microbes growing in frigid pools of salty water. It's a particularly tough environment, with no light, no oxygen, and extremely cold temperatures. But the microbes appear to live, and thrive, off a combination of iron and sulfur, according to a new study." ... "The chemical analyses showed that the microbes breathe in a form of iron that leaches into the water from the bedrock below. Then, with the help of sulfur compounds as catalysts, the microorganisms breathe out a different form of iron, which gives Blood Falls its rusty color." [42]
    • "... scientists for the first time found a shrimp-like creature and a jellyfish frolicking beneath a massive Antarctic ice sheet. Six hundred feet below the ice where no light shines, scientists had figured nothing much more than a few microbes could exist." (...) "Yet scientists were puzzled at what the food source would be for these critters. While some microbes can make their own food out of chemicals in the ocean, complex life like the amphipod can't, Kim said." [43]

[edit] Microbial dynamics

(todo)

[edit] Microbial shapes

[edit] Microbe frequencies

To research: Microbial frequencies (in Hertz) (sources: [44]):

  • Tetanus 120
  • Treponema 660
  • Gonorrhea 712
  • Staphlococci 728
  • Pneumococci 776
  • Streptothrix (fungus) 784
  • Streptococci 880
  • Typhoid Bacteria 712
  • Typhoid Virus 1862
  • Bacillus Coli Rod Form 800
  • Bacillus Coli Virus 1552
  • Tuberculosis Rod Form 803
  • Tuberculosis Virus 1552 (same as B-Coli)
  • Sarcoma (all forms) 2008
  • Carcinoma (all forms) 2128

[edit] Subcellular life

[edit] Viruses

  • "... this shows is that viruses will always evolve towards becoming smaller if it helps them reproduce faster. Experiments by Turner have shown that viruses will gladly 'cheat' and drop some of their genes if there are enough other viruses of the same sort around doing the work these genes allow." [45]
  • Viral life cycle
    • "Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular; instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves."
  • Bacteriophage
  • todo: research classification systems

[edit] Viroids

[edit] Virusoids

[edit] Plasmids

  • "A plasmid is a "small autonomously replicating circular molecule of DNA that is devoid of protein and not essential for the survival of its host". Plasmids range in size greatly, from about 4350 to 240,000 base pairs. Most known plasmids infect bacteria, but some infect plant and animal cells. They often copy themselves into the DNA of the host cell, and many carry genetic traits from one cell to another. Most plasmids keep a limit on the number of copies of themselves they keep in each host - the so-called "copy number", which ranges from 1 to about 40. Many plasmids are "conjugative". This means they can transfer copies of themselves from one host to another by forcing the host to undergo "conjugation" - a form of sex in which genetic material is exchanged between bacteria. People tend not to speak of plasmids as "life forms" quite as often as they do with viruses. In part this may be because plasmids are sometimes beneficial to their host cells, rather than pathogenic. However, is difficult for me to resist the impression that plasmids are just as "alive" as viruses. Indeed, some viruses become plasmids when parts of them are missing! ..." [46]

[edit] Transposons

(todo)

[edit] Prions

(todo)

[edit] Microzymes

  • Observations:
    • "Somatids are described as ultramicroscopic, subcellular living and reproducing entities. They are remarkable in that they cannot be destroyed by ultraviolet radiation (routinely used to sterilize), or by 50.000 rems of nuclear radiation, or temperatures of over 200 degrees centigrade, and they are impossible to cut by diamond, and do not repsond to any of the strongest antibacterial of anti-fungal chemical agents." ... "To understand somatids, or even identify them correctly, however, one has to be able to see the changes they go through." ... "In a healthy person, somatids go through a three-staged cycle (somatids, spores, double spores), and produce, it is thought, trephone, a hormone indispensable to cellular division. However when the immune system is weakened or destabilized through stress or trauma, the somatid goes through another thirteen evolving forms, (including bacteria, mycobacterial forms, yeast-like forms, ascospores, asci and mycelial forms). Somatids are found in all living organisms, including the sap in plants. According to Francoise Naessens Gaston's late wife and assistant the tiny bodies are fundamentally electrical in nature. Somatids are actually tiny living condensers of energy, the smallest ever found." [48] (p41)
    • "Rife's work suggested that the wide array of disease bacterium were merely differentiation phases in a life-cyle of an as of yet undetermined entity. Researcher Gaston Naessens has verified many of Rife's findings, and has delineated 16 phases of change of what Rife called the premodal identity, which Naessens calls "somatids"." [49]
    • "If the water in your tissues becomes too acidic, they have been shown to rapidly multiply and become disease-causing by changing form and invading every type of cell" ... "Whether these tiny 'dancing' lifeforms live in balance in your body or proliferate and cause disease depends on the pH of your tissues. Various medical journals include reports and case studies that implicate these micro-organisms in most every inflammatory and auto-immune illness." [50]
    • "Are the strange blue, motile forms which Dr. Wilhelm Reich discovered in the late 1930's and for which he coined the word bions related to the fore-going? Reich observed the bions to spontaneously proliferate from specially treated organic matter and even from coal and sand. Spontaneous generation of life was supposed to have been laid to rest in Reich's time, as it is in ours, and he was accused by fellow scientists of confusing Brownian movement of sub-cellular particles or debris in his cultures with the new sub-cellular forms he claimed to have discovered. In cancerous patients Reich observed the bions to degenerate into what he called T-bacilli (the T coming from the German word, Tod, meaning death). When injected into mice, they caused cancer just like Rife's BX forms." [51]

Microzymes in blood (video)

Waste-disposal-mode Microzyme cycle

Monomorphism v Pleomorphism [8]

'Alternative' microbiology researchers

[edit] Subcellular microscopy

  • Types:
    • Somatoscope
      • Gaston Naessens (1924)
      • Naessens darkfield condenser patent
        • "... a method and apparatus for using high-energy light from a phenomenon known as non-resonant Raman scattering to illuminate a living biological specimen." ... "The electron and ultraviolet microscopThese are the main kinds of es available today do no offer a technique for observing living, unaltered biological specimens in real time." ... "In 1928, Professor Chandrasekhara V. Raman and Professor K. S. Krishnan discovered that the scattered light observed by Compton was caused by vibrations within the molecules of the specimen. Because of his discovery, light that is scattered due to vibrations within the molecules of a specimen is a phenomenon called Raman scattering (also called non-resonant or inelastic light scattering). In 1930, Raman received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery." ... "When a specimen is bombarded with incident light, energy is exchanged between the light and the molecules of the specimen. The molecules vibrate, producing the phenomenon known as Raman scattering. The molecular vibrations cause the specimen itself to emit scattered light, some of which scatters at a higher frequency (f+Af) than the incident light frequency (f), and some of which scatters at a lower frequency (f-Af). The Af represents the change in frequency (sometimes called the frequency shift) produced by Raman scattering. In summary, when incident light strikes a specimen, the scattered light includes Rayleigh-scattered light at the same frequency (f) as the incident light, higher frequency (f+Af) Raman-scattered light, and lower-frequency (f-Af) Raman-scattered light."
      • 714-X
    • Ergonom microscope
    • Richardson microscope
    • Rife microscope
      • "As fascinating as the Rife Microscope is, there are no known original working Rife microscopes still in existence today and many scientists question the capabilities of the historical Rife microscope due to its apparent ability to resolve beyond the optical limits of half a wavelength as defined by Abbe. Modern science tells us that light optical microscopes cannot resolve below 250 nanometres and magnify more than 1600x and provide more detail (true magnification). Yet there are a number of researchers who have developed microscopes which claim to resolve beyond this limit. These include the Somatoscope by Gaston Naessons in Canada, the Richardson microscope by Tim Richardson in Canada (now no longer available), and the Ergonom microscope developed by the german engineer, Kurt Olbrich and marketed by Grayfield Optical
      • "How is it that biologists and physicians, other than Kendall and Rosenow, did not rush to investigate it? Why haven't physicists looked into the effects Rife achieved with electromagnetic waves of specific frequencies upon disease, including cancer'? Similar effects were observed by Dr. Georges Lakhovsky in Paris who developed a wave emitter called a multi-wave oscillator with which he cured cancer in plants and humans as well as other diseases. The multi-wave oscillator is today banned by the FDA as quackery." [53]

[edit] Cells

  • Cell functions
    • Cell differentiation
      • Morphogenetic field: "In developmental biology, a morphogenetic field is a group of cells able to respond to discrete, localized biochemical signals leading to the development of specific morphological structures or organs."
  • Cell movement
  • Cell waste
  • Cell birth
  • Cell death

[edit] Cell family types

[edit] Prokaryote cells

These are group of organisms with cells that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic life consists of two very different groups of organisms that evolved independently from an ancient common ancestor. These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea.

[edit] Archaea

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[edit] Bacteria
  • "There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are approximately five nonillion (5×1030) bacteria on Earth, forming much of the world's biomass." [54]


[edit] Firmicutes

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[edit] Eukaryote cells

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes, organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes.

[edit] Organelles

[edit] Chloroplasts

[edit] Chlorophyll
[edit] Photosynthesis
  • See also: [56], [57]
    • "Trace elements are critical for the surface life, on planet earth. Life that is powered by sunlight. Some of the most important players in this dance of life, are the Chlorophyll Proteins. These groupings of atoms have an arrangement in their structure, which resonates to a specific frequency of sunlight. This resonating structure has the power to energize the electron orbitals of the carbon dioxide and water molecules. The result is that, the carbon and oxygen atoms change dance partners. These new joinings are at a higher energy levels and thus, contain stored energy. Chlorophyll protein and hydroponic salts. The Chlorophyll proteins, have only one atom of magnesium, surrounded by four amino acid units, and have a long carbon chain tail. The tail has a special radical that performs the protein's function. (It is like a single size, socket wrench that turns in only one direction.)" [58]

"This figure shows the solar radiation spectrum for direct light at both the top of the Earth's atmosphere and at sea level. The sun produces light with a distribution similar to what would be expected from a 5525 K (5250 °C) blackbody, which is approximately the sun's surface temperature. As light passes through the atmosphere, some is absorbed by gases with specific absorption bands." [9]

Composite image showing the global distribution of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and land vegetation. [10]

"Plants absorb light primarily using the pigment chlorophyll, which is the reason that most plants have a green color (light having a spectrum dominated by energy with a wavelength of roughly 520–570 nanometres). Besides chlorophyll, plants also use pigments such as carotenes and xanthophylls. Algae also use chlorophyll, but various other pigments are present as phycocyanin, carotenes, and xanthophylls in green algae, phycoerythrin in red algae (rhodophytes) and fucoxanthol in brown algae and diatoms resulting in a wide variety of colors. These pigments are embedded in plants and algae in special antenna-proteins. In such proteins all the pigments are ordered to work well together. Such a protein is also called a light-harvesting complex."

[edit] Cell dynamics

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[edit] Advanced songs

[edit] Fungi

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  • "The truth is that in the real world outside the biology classroom, only a tiny proportion of terrestrial primary production goes through the stomachs of the few evolutionary lineages brave enough to tackle what green plants produce. In any terrestrial habitat, the great bulk of primary production just does *not* get eaten. It sits, instead, at the bottom of a very different food pyramid. I call it the Dead Plants Society (DPS), as opposed to the Green Feeders Guild (GFG). In the absence of fire, all that uneaten primary production is first attacked by fungi and bacteria. By ‘attacked’ I mean ‘converted from low-nutrient indigestibles to concentrated yummies’, i.e. fungal and bacterial bodies. Stacked on top of this microbial layer in the pyramid are microbivorous layers of nematodes, mites, springtails, earthworms, millipedes and other soil animals. (see also: Detritivores) On top of those are predators – but picture ‘centipede’, not ‘eagle’. The GFG and DPS animal communities differ in many ways. To begin with, in any given habitat the GFG has very high species diversity (think of plant-eating insects) but low higher-taxon diversity, while the DPS has great higher-taxon diversity (lots of strange sorts of animals), but low species diversity. Next, GFG herbivores tend to specialise on particular plants, while DPS microbivores will eat anything that’s rotting nicely. There are also a lot of winged GFG members (’gotta find that particular plant I like…’), whereas almost no DPS members have wings, at least in their younger, feeding stages. There’s an architectural difference, too. The GFG extends well up in the air, to ca. 100 m in some tall forests, while the DPS is largely confined to the ground. Then there’s the matter of heritage. The earliest DPS fossils are of mites, springtails and millipedes, and they’re more than 400 million years old, from a time when terrestrial vegetation was mainly mossy and ground-hugging. The first solid evidence for green feeding (early insects with spores in their guts) appears much later in the fossil record, from coal swamp times. The DPS is vastly older than the GFG, and when you handle richly organic soil you’re holding animal communities which are spectacularly ancient and robust"[59]

[edit] Plants

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Plant energy flux metabolism

[edit] Animals

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[edit] Insects

German wasp

General anatomy of an insect [11]

A: Head B: Thorax C: Abdomen 1. antenna 2. ocelli (lower) 3. ocelli (upper) 4. compound eye 5. brain (cerebral ganglia) 6. prothorax 7. dorsal artery 8. tracheal tubes (trunk with spiracle) 9. mesothorax 10. metathorax 11. forewing 12. hindwing 13. mid-gut (stomach) 14. heart 15. ovary 16. hind-gut (intestine, rectum & anus) 17. anus 18. vagina 19. nerve chord (abdominal ganglia) 20. Malpighian tubes 21. pillow 22. claws 23. tarsus 24. tibia 25. femur 26. trochanter 27. fore-gut (crop, gizzard) 28. thoracic ganglion 29. coxa 30. salivary gland 31. subesophageal ganglion 32. mouthparts

Closeup of an antenna of the Common wasp [12]

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[edit] Meta harmonics

[edit] Biosphere

[edit] Research

[edit] Researchers

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[edit] Literature

[edit] Video

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[edit] Links

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